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James Joyce (1882-1941)
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born in Rathgar, Dublin, in 1882. After attending a Jesuite boarding school, he entered the Faculty of Arts in University College, Dublin, but in 1902 he broke away from his family and his studies and went to Paris on a tenous proposal to read medicine. Back in Dublin, he published a few stories, but, unable to make a living as a writer, he left again Ireland to go to the continent, this time with a girl called Nora Barnacle whom he married in 1931. He went to Trieste and then to Zürich, as an English teacher. In 1920 he settled in Paris, remaining there until 1940 when he returned to Zürich, where he died the following year. His first publication was a collection of lyrics, Chamber Music (1907), followed by a collection of short stories, Dubliners, appeared in 1914. Joyce's first novel, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, was published in 1917, while his best known book, Ulysses, appeared in Paris in 1922, but was banned in Britain and the United States until 1933. This is a work which stands with Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past as the radically innovating prose achievment of its age, and which assures Joyce a permanent place in the history of literature. While Ulysses is the record of a single day, Finnegans Wake (1939), the exclusive object of Joyce's unremitting labour during the last 15 years of his life, is the record of a single night - or rather of a one night's dream. These novels flout the accepted conventions of this gender form prior to Joyce. The time factor becomes elastic and plot and character emerge in a stream of association that carries on its ripples all the mental flotsam and jetsam that in the "ordinary" novel do not rise to the surface. In addition, Joyce employed language like a musical notation, that is, the sound superficially supersedes the sense, but in reality communicates (like music) profundities which conventional words cannot hope to express. That, at any rate, is what Joyce intends, but not many readers can go along with him all the way. |
| زمانی که شما صاحب چیزی هستید آن از شما می تواند گرفته بشود .ولی زمانی که شما آن را می دهید , شما آن را داده اید. هیچ دزدی نمی تواند آن را از شما بگیرد. آن برای همیشه به شما تعلق دارد |